Asia
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| Total Organizations: | 47 | |
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| Total Projects: | 0 | |
| Priority SDGs: |
Sustainable Agriculture (SDG 2.4)
Increase Access to Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (SDG 6.1 & 6.2) Water Quality (SDG 6.3) Water Use Efficiency (SDG 6.4) Integrated Water Resource Management (SDG 6.5) Protect and Restore Ecosystems (SDG 6.6) International Cooperation and Capacity Building (SDG 6.a) Stakeholder Participation (SDG 6.b) Water-Related Disaster Management (SDG 11.5) Sustainable Production (SDG 12.4) Climate Resilience and Adaptation (SDG 13.1) |
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| Priority Regions: | Tigris & Euphrates | |
| Priority Industries: |
Biotech, health care & pharma
Food, beverage & agriculture Fossil fuels Manufacturing Power generation Services |
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| Organization Types: |
40%
Business
34%
NGO / Civil Society
11%
Academia
6%
Utility / Water Service Provider
6%
Government
2%
Bilateral and / or Intergovernmental Agency
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| Profile Completion: | 73% | |
Total annual estimated cost to address all water-related challenges: $15,626,217,748.00
Share of total annual estimated cost to address each individual challenge (2015 $USD):
For more about this data, see information on WRI’s Achieving Abundance dataset here.
As reported by organizations on the Hub.
1.1.1.WATER RESOURCES Both the Tigris and the Euphrates are transboundary rivers, originating in Turkey. Before their confluence the Euphrates flows for about 1,000km and the Tigris for about 1,300km within the territory of Iraq. The area of the Tigris River Basin in Iraq is 253,000km2, which is 54 per cent of the total river basin area. The average annual runoff is estimated at 21.33km3 as it enters Iraq. All the Tigris tributaries are on the left bank. From upstream to downstream: -The Greater Zab, which originates in Turkey. It generates 13.18km3 at its confluence with the Tigris; 62 per cent of the total area of this river basin of 25,810km2 is in Iraq; -The Lesser Zab, which originates in the Islamic Republic of Iran and which is equipped with the Dokan Dam (6.8km3). The river basin of 21,475km2 (of which 74 per cent is in Iraqi territory) generates about 7.17km3, of which 5.07km3 is of annual safe yield after construction of the Dokan Dam; -The Al-Adhaim (or Nahr Al Uzaym), which drains about 13,000km2 entirely in Iraq. It generates about 0.79km3 at its confluence with the Tigris. It is an intermittent stream subject to flash floods; -The Diyala, which originates in the Islamic Republic of Iran and drains about 31,896km2, 75 per cent of which in Iraqi territory. It is equipped with the Derbendi Khan Dam and generates about 5.74km3 at its confluence with the Tigris; -The Nahr at Tib, Dewarege (Doveyrich) and Shehabi rivers, draining together more than 8,000km2. They originate in Iranian territory and bring together about 1km3 of highly saline waters in the Tigris; -The Karkheh, the main course of which is in the Islamic Republic of Iran and which, from a drainage area of 46,000km2, brings around 6.3km3 yearly into Iraq, namely into the Hawr Al Hawiza during the flood season and into the Tigris River during the dry season. The average annual flow of the Euphrates as it enters Iraq is estimated at 30km3, with a fluctuating annual value of between 10 and 40km3. Unlike the Tigris, the Euphrates receives no tributaries during its passage in Iraq. About 10km3 per year are drained into the Hawr al Harnmar (a marsh in the south of the country). The Shatt Al-Arab is the river formed by the confluence downstream of the Euphrates and the Tigris; it flows into the Gulf after a course of only 190km. The Karun River, originating in Iranian territory, has a mean annual flow of 24.7km3 and flows into the Shatt AlArab, to which it brings a large amount of fresh water just before reaching the sea. It is difficult to determine the average annual discharge of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers together due to the large yearly fluctuation. According to the records for 1938–1980, there have been years in the mid-1960s when 68km3 were recorded in the two rivers and years in the mid-1970s when the amount reached over 84km3. On the other hand, there was the critical drought year with less than 30km3 at the beginning of the 1960s. Such variations in annual discharge make it difficult to develop an adequate water allocation plan for competing water demand from each sector as well as to ensure fair sharing of water among neighbouring countries (UNDG, 2005). This yearly fluctuation in the annual discharge has also caused large and possibly disastrous floods as well as periodic severe droughts. The level of water in the Tigris can rise at a rate of over 30cm/hour. In the southern part of the country, immense areas are regularly inundated, levees often collapse, and villages and roads must be built on high embankments. The Tharthar Reservoir was planned in the 1950s, partly to protect Baghdad from the ravages of the periodic flooding of the Tigris by storing extra water upstream of the Samarra Barrage. The major part of the river flow occurs during the spring flood period, which is from February through June on the Tigris River and from March through July on the Euphrates River. On the Tigris the natural flow during this period makes up 60–80 per cent of the total annual flow and on the Euphrates 45–80 per cent. During the low water period (July through September) the natural flow does not exceed 10 per cent of the annual amount under normal conditions. In order to increase water transport efficiency, minimize losses and waterlogging, and improve water quality, a number of new watercourses were constructed, especially in the southern part of the country. The Third River (also called Saddam River), which was completed in 1992, functions as a main outfall drain collecting drainage waters from more than 15,000km2 of agricultural land from the north of Baghdad to the Gulf between the Euphrates and the Tigris. The length of the watercourse, completed in December 1992, is 565km, with a total discharge of 210m3/s. In 1995 an estimated 17 million tons of salt was said to have been transported to the Gulf through the Third River. Other watercourses were also constructed to reclaim new lands or to reduce waterlogging. Groundwater aquifers in Iraq consist of extensive alluvial deposits of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and are composed of Mesopotamian-clastic and carbonate formations. The alluvial aquifers have limited potential because of poor water quality. The Mesopotamian-clastic aquifers in the northwestern foothills consist of Fars, Bakhtiari and alluvial sediments. The Fars formation is made up of anhydrite and gypsum inter-bedded with limestone and covers a large area of Iraq. The Bakhtiari and alluvial formations consist of a variety of material, including silt, sand, gravel, conglomerate and boulders, with a thickness of up to 6,000m. Water quality ranges from 300 to 1,000ppm. Another major aquifer system is contained in the carbonate layers of the Zagros Mountains. Two main aquifers are found in the limestone and dolomite layers, as well as in the Quaternary alluvium deposits. The limestone aquifer contributes large volumes of water through a number of springs. The alluvial aquifers contain large volume reservoirs and annual recharge is Country Overview - Iraq estimated at 620 million m3 from direct infiltration of rainfall and surface water runoff. Water quality is good, ranging from 150 to 1,400ppm (ESCWA, 2001). Good quality subterranean water has been found in the foothills of the mountains in the northeast of the country and in the area on the right bank of the Euphrates. The aquifer in the northeast of Iraq has an estimated safe yield of between 10 to 40m3/sec at depths of 5–50m. Its salinity increases towards the southeast of the area until it reaches between 0.5 and 1mg/l. The aquifers on the right bank of the Euphrates River, trapped between gypsum and dolomite at depths increasing towards the west where water is found at 300m (at Abu-Aljeer), have an estimated safe yield of 13m3/sec. In the western part of that area the salinity of the water is only 0.3mg/l compared with 0.5–1mg/l in the eastern section. In other areas of the country good quality water is fairly limited because of high levels of salinity (Ministry of Irrigation, 1986). An estimated 0.08km3/year of water from the Umm er Radhuma aquifer enters Iraq from Saudi Arabia. Internal renewable water resources are estimated at 35.2km3/year. Total gross dam capacity of the major dams in the Tigris Basin is estimated at 102.2km3, of which on-river dam capacity is 29.4km3 (seven dams). The off-river storage Samarra-Tharthar Dam, constructed in 1954, has a capacity of 72.8km3. It is filled with Wadi Tharthar waters and, since 1985, also with Euphrates water. Total gross capacity of the major dams in the Euphrates Basin is estimated at 37.5km3, of which on-river dam capacity is 34.2km3. The off-river Ramadi-Habbaniya Dam, constructed in 1951, has a capacity of 3.3km3; it can be filled with upstream Euphrates waters and drains into the Euphrates downstream (UNEP, 2001a). There are 11 major wastewater treatment plants in Iraq, 3 of which are in Baghdad. All the treatment plants are located near rivers (three near the Euphrates, two near the Tigris, two near the Diala, and one each near the Kahla, the Aw Diwaniyah, the Husseinya and the Shatt Basrah). The total treatment capacity of these plants is 650,000 m3/day. The technologies used are primary sedimentation, aeration and secondary sedimentation (chlorination) at five plants; primary sedimentation, trickling filtering and chlorination at three plants; primary sedimentation, extended aeration and chlorination at two plants; aeration lagoons and secondary sedimentation at one plant (UNEP, 2001b). Until now, the majority of wastewater after treatment has been discharged into rivers and drainage canals by gravity and there is no definite canal network for wastewater collection. The two largest wastewater treatment plants were built in Baghdad County (Salih, 2001). The first, Al-Rustumia, was designed to handle an average flow of 204 million m3/year and the second, AlKarkh, handles an average flow of 150 million m3/year. Baghdad city is generally supplied by less saline drinking water (0.8–1.2 dS/m) and this salinity increases 2–3 times in the wastewater. It can therefore be used without creating any salinity and alkalinity problems except for very sensitive crops. The sodium concentration is rather low, resulting in a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranging between 2.68 and 3.12 for the Al-Rustumia station and between 4.38 and 5.24 for the Al-Karkh station. The chloride content of wastewater of the Al-Karkh station is fairly high for surface irrigation and not recommended for sprinkler irrigation, while the chloride content of the AlRustomia station is appropriate for surface irrigation but generally inadequate for sprinkler irrigation. The bicarbonate content of wastewater from both stations is adequate for surface irrigation but inappropriate for sprinkler irrigation. The phosphorus and potassium contents of wastewater from both stations are fairly low. Contents of iron, magnesium, chromium, zinc, cobalt and boron in wastewater of both stations are generally within acceptable limits. In 2002, the total installed desalination capacity was 384,513 m3/day. This refers to the installed gross capacity (design capacity) (Wangnick Consulting, 2002). According to the European Union (2011), Iraq depends mainly on surface water from three renewable sources: the Euphrates, Tigris and Karun rivers. The Euphrates and the Tigris originate from Turkey and are shared with the two neighboring countries Turkey and Syria. The Karun originates from Iran. The average annual water flow of the three rivers varies between 45 and 75 billion m3. There are no international agreements to share the water between these three countries. This makes Iraq's water resources fluctuate from one year to another. Groundwater aquifers in Iraq consist of extensive alluvial deposits of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The alluvial aquifers contain large volume reservoirs and the annual recharge is estimated at 620 million m3 from direct infiltration of rainfall and surface water runoff. Groundwater withdrawals are small compared to surface water. Further exploitation of groundwater has a large potential but little data and analysis are available.
(Water Risk Profile)
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us.anteagroup.com/sector/water-stewardship-0
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Centre for Advanced Research & Development, Bhopal, India (Organization)
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World Water Innovation Network (Organization)
www.worldwaterinnovationnetwork.com
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