Past experiences in other parts of the Geita region have revealed a notable presence of pollutants (heavy metals) linked with gold mining activities. Like other parts of the region where gold extraction is associated with the presence of other metal residues, it raises serious questions about the potential impact on the groundwater quality in Mbogwe District, which is rich in minerals exemplified by significant artisanal mining activities. Because, the majority of the inhabitants in this district rely on groundwater sources for drinking and domestic use, which may be contaminated by the heavy metals thus posing risks to human health. Mohammadi et al. (2019), indicated the need for proper assessment of drinking water sources for possible human health impacts. In Geita region, there is unclear information on the degree of pollution associated with heavy metals and possible human health risks following any existing exposure over a lifetime to drinking water sources susceptible to contamination because communities are highly dependent on traditional groundwater sources, a comprehensive detailed evaluation of the quality of drinking water sources and associated risks are required.